With the stock market cruising at all-time highs and the unemployment rate sitting at quaint levels, a fashionable new argument is making the rounds. Barack Obama is better at economic recovery than Ronald Reagan ever was.
The numbers make the case. Dow Jones Industrial Average the day President Obama was inaugurated in January 2009 was 7950; today it stands at 17,000. Unemployment in his first full month, that February: 8.3%, versus 6.1% today.
Ronald Reagan could not quite touch this standard. The Dow began his presidency at 950 and chugged to 1800 after five-and-a-half years. A 90% gain is nice, but short of the 115% gain since 2009. Unemployment over that span went from 7.4 to 7.1%—welcome enough, but overmatched by the post-2009 record.
And all the while under Reagan, there was double the consumer price inflation as under the comparable Obama period (26% vs. 13%). Interest rates were higher. Prime was at 7.5% in September 1986, in contrast to today’s 3.3%.
Whatever crisis, whatever “stagflation” Reagan faced as he swept Jimmy Carter from office in 1980, the results that came in well into his presidency pale in comparison to what the nation would put up under the leadership of Barack Obama.
This argument has glaring flaws, the most obvious of which (from a statistical point of view) is that the labor force participation rate has collapsed under Obama, while it surged under Reagan, rendering any kind of comparison of unemployment rates inoperable. The bald economic growth numbers, for their part, are double in the Reagan (20.3%) than in the Obama (9.7%) case.
The deeper flaw in the comparison concerns history and precedent. Obama took office as the economy was in “free fall” (as some say), free fall from a long period of mediocrity. At the very peak of the George W. Bush expansion in the summer of 2008, the economy had grown all of 1.9% per year since the 2000 peak. In the six years since the summer of 2008, the economy has grown 1.1% per year. The long period of mediocrity, at least as goes the favorite macroeconomic statistic (GDP), that preceded Barack Obama has only become entrenched at worse levels in the years of this presidency.
1.9% per year was in fact the yearly growth rate in the nine-and-a-half year period that preceded the implementation of Ronald Reagan’s economic policies. From the peak in mid-1973 until the trough at the end of 1982, that was the number, basically the same thing that President Obama would have to deal with on assuming office in 2009.
However, in Reagan’s case, 1973-82 also saw a whopping 120% increase in consumer prices (8.3% per year), a doubling of the unemployment rate (in the context of increased labor-force participation) to near 11%, stocks down a quarter in nominal and two-thirds in real terms, a soaring of the prime rate past 20%, and oil up 14-fold in price.
The situation Reagan faced was nasty—a spot nastier than what Obama had to deal with, no matter the pieties we hold about our Great Recession being the “worst since the Great Depression.”
And they key date of comparison is 1982—Reagan’s second year, not 1981.
Reagan took office in January 1981, all right, and got his major piece of economic legislation through Congress that August: his tax-cut bill.
That tax cut bill had been knocking around in Congress, under Rep. Jack Kemp’s tutelage, since 1977. When Sen. William Roth agreed to cosponsor it in that year, his condition was that it be spread over three years, instead of coming all at once.
The bill Reagan was able to wrest from Congress in the summer of 1981, after it and an accompanying spending bill got stocked with pork and favors for all the Members (the subject of David Stockman’s famous book The Triumph of Politics), was a three-year tax cut. There would be a 5% income tax cut effective the last three months of 1981, 10% effective the next July, 10% in July 1983, and indexing of income tax rates against inflation beginning in 1985.
There was a 5% tax cut in 1981—a year of 10% inflation, meaning that there a real tax increase.
In 1981-82, the United States endured a terrible recession, possibly worse than what we had to deal with in 2008-9. The Rust Belt got hollowed out of jobs as unemployment cruised toward 11%.